Aminet 6/Aminet 6 - June 1995.iso/Aminet/docs/misc/wfbook93_texi.lha/texi/140.data

Text File | 1995-03-27 | 10.2 KB | 360 lines

@node Geography (Libya)
@section Geography (Libya)

@display

Location:
  Northern Africa, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between
  Egypt and Tunisia
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  1,759,540 km2
 land area:
  1,759,540 km2
 comparative area:
  slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
  total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km,
  Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
Coastline:
  1,770 km
Maritime claims:
 territorial sea:
  12 nm
 Gulf of Sidra closing line:
  32 degrees 30 minutes north
International disputes:
  claims and occupies the Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary
  dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims part of northern Niger and part of
  southeastern Algeria
Climate:
  Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Terrain:
  mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Land use:
 arable land:
  2%
 permanent crops:
  0%
 meadows and pastures:
  8%
 forest and woodland:
  0%
 other:
  90%
Irrigated land:
  2,420 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
  hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in
  spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources
Note:
  the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the
  world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to
  coastal cities



@end display

@node People (Libya)
@section People (Libya)

@display

Population:
  4,872,598 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.73% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:   65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  63.47 years
 male:
  61.35 years
 female:
  65.7 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Libyan(s)
 adjective:
  Libyan
Ethnic divisions:
  Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis,
  Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Religions:
  Sunni Muslim 97%
Languages:
  Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
 total population:
  64%
 male:
  75%
 female:
  50%
Labor force:
  1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners
 by occupation:
  industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%



@end display

@node Government (Libya)
@section Government (Libya)

@display

Names:
 conventional long form:
  Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
 conventional short form:
  Libya
 local long form:
  Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishirakiyah
 local short form:
  none
Digraph:
  LY
Type:
  Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace
  through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
Capital:
  Tripoli
Administrative divisions:   25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al
'Aziziyah,
  Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al
  Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,
  Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq,
  Yafran, Zlitan
Independence:
  24 December 1951 (from Italy)
Constitution:
  11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Legal system:
  based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious
  courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
  Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Political parties and leaders:
  none
Other political or pressure groups:
  various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection
  (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning
  clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Elections:
  national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees
Executive branch:
  revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier),
  General People's Committee (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
  unicameral General People's Congress
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September
  1969)
 Head of Government:
  Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd 'umar DURDA
  (since 7 October 1990)



@end display

@node Government (Libya 2. usage)
@section Government (Libya 2. usage)

@display

Member of:
  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
  LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none
US diplomatic representation:
  none
Flag:
  plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)



@end display

@node Economy (Libya)
@section Economy (Libya)

@display

Overview:
  The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil
  sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about
  one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at
  $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response
  to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient
  resource allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs,
  although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the
  Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have eased shortages. Austerity
  budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's
  ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development
  projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990
  improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current account
  surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing and
  construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from
  processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron,
  steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it
  employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils
  severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food
  requirements.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $26.1 billion (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  0.2% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $5,800 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  7% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
  revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital
  expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
Exports:
  $9.71 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
 commodities:
  crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas
 partners:
  Italy, former USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey
Imports:
  $8.66 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
 commodities:
  machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods
 partners:
  Italy, former USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, Korea
External debt:
  $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 10.5%; accounts for 7.6% of GDP (not including oil) (1990)
Electricity:
  4,935,000 kW capacity; 14,385 million kWh produced, 2,952 kWh per capita
  (1992)
Industries:
  petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Agriculture:
  5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits,
  peanuts; 75% of food is imported



@end display

@node Economy (Libya 2. usage)
@section Economy (Libya 2. usage)

@display

Economic aid:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
  $242 million; no longer a recipient
Currency:
  1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
Exchange rates:
  Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2998 (January 1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684
  (1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year



@end display

@node Communications (Libya)
@section Communications (Libya)

@display

Railroads:
  Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems
  having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a standard gauge
  (1.435 m) line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then
  inland to Sabha, center of a mineral rich area, but there has been no
  progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line
  from As Sallum, Egypt to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994, progress
  unknown
Highways:
  19,300 km total; 10,800 km bituminous/bituminous treated, 8,500 km crushed
  stone or earth
Inland waterways:
  none
Pipelines:
  crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km
  (includes liquified petroleum gas 256 km)
Ports:
  Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Ra's al
  Unif
Merchant marine:
  32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 694,883 GRT/1,215,494 DWT; includes 4
  short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 oil tanker, 1 chemical
  tanker, 2 liquefied gas
Airports:
 total:
  138
 usable:
  124
 with permanent-surface runways:
  56
 with runways over 3,659 m:   9
 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  27
 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  47
Telecommunications:
  modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable,
  tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones;
  broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1
  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine
  cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric
  scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations



@end display

@node Defense Forces (Libya)
@section Defense Forces (Libya)

@display

Branches:
  Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (including Army, Navy, Air and
  Air Defense Command)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,058,134; fit for military service 628,285; reach military
  age (17) annually 50,997 (1993 est.); conscription now being implemented
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, 15% of GDP (1989 est.)



@end display